| Most common failures | No# failures |
|---|
| Brakes imbalanced across an axle | 31 |
| Rear brake binding | 24 |
| Headlamp aim out of alignment | 19 |
| Service brake: efficiency below requirements |3.7.B.7| | 15 |
| Exhaust emissions Lambda reading after 2nd fast idle outside specified limits |7.3.D.3| | 13 |
| Brake pedal anti-slip provision missing |3.3.A.1b| | 13 |
| Rear brake application uneven | 9 |
| Parking brake: efficiency below requirements |3.7.B.7| | 8 |
| Nearside Stop lamp not working |1.2.1b| | 7 |
| Offside front brake recording little or no effort |3.7.B.5a| | 7 |
| Offside Stop lamp not working |1.2.1b| | 7 |
| Exhaust emissions carbon monoxide content after 2nd fast idle excessive |7.3.D.3| | 6 |
| Nearside front brake recording little or no effort |3.7.B.5a| | 6 |
| Nearside Front front brake binding |3.7.B.1| | 6 |
| Nearside front brake binding |3.7.B.1| | 5 |
| Rear fog lamp not working |1.3.2b| | 5 |
| Offside Front front brake binding |3.7.B.1| | 5 |
| Front brake application uneven | 5 |
| Offside front brake binding |3.7.B.1| | 5 |
| Offside Headlamp not working on main beam |1.7.5a| | 4 |
| Exhaust emissions carbon monoxide content at idle excessive |7.3.D.4| | 4 |
| Rear parking brake recording little or no effort | 4 |
| Offside Rear fog lamp not working |1.3.2b| | 4 |
| Offside Front Track rod end ball joint dust cover excessively deteriorated so that it no longer prevents the ingress of dirt |2.2.C.1c| | 4 |
| Registration plate issues | 4 |
| Offside Headlamp not working on dipped beam |1.7.5a| | 4 |
| Offside Front Wheel insecure |4.2.A.1c| | 4 |
| Rear fog lamp tell tale not working |1.3.1b| | 4 |
| Offside Front position lamp|s| not working |1.1.A.3b| | 4 |
| Exhaust has a major leak of exhaust gases |7.1.2| | 4 |
| Exhaust Lambda reading after 2nd fast idle outside specified limits (8.2.1.2 (c)) | 4 |
| Exhaust emissions hydrocarbon content after 2nd fast idle excessive |7.3.D.3| | 3 |
| Horn not working |1.6.2a| | 3 |
| Windscreen wiper does not clear the windscreen effectively | 3 |
| Nearside Front Track rod end ball joint dust cover excessively deteriorated so that it no longer prevents the ingress of dirt |2.2.C.1c| | 3 |
| Offside Track rod end ball joint dust cover excessively damaged so that it no longer prevents the ingress of dirt |2.2.C.1c| | 3 |
| Nearside Track rod end ball joint dust cover excessively damaged so that it no longer prevents the ingress of dirt |2.2.C.1c| | 3 |
| Nearside rear brake recording little or no effort |3.7.B.5a| | 3 |
| Offside Rear position lamp|s| adversely affected by the operation of another lamp |1.1.A.3f| | 3 |
| Offside Stop lamp adversely affected by the operation of another lamp |1.2.1f| | 3 |
| Offside Front Track rod end ball joint dust cover excessively damaged so that it no longer prevents the ingress of dirt |2.2.C.1c| | 3 |
| Nearside Rear position lamp|s| not working |1.1.A.3b| | 3 |
| Exhaust emissions carbon monoxide content excessive |7.3.B.1a| | 3 |
| Offside Track rod end ball joint dust cover excessively deteriorated so that it no longer prevents the ingress of dirt |2.2.C.1c| | 3 |
| Nearside Track rod end ball joint dust cover excessively deteriorated so that it no longer prevents the ingress of dirt |2.2.C.1c| | 3 |
| Offside Front Position lamp not working (4.2.1 (a) (ii)) | 3 |
| Brake pedal spongy |3.3.B.1b| | 2 |
| Fuel cap/sealing device missing |7.2.4a| | 2 |
| Nearside Front Front position lamp|s| not working |1.1.A.3b| | 2 |
| Registration plate lamp issues | 2 |
| Parking brake lever defective so that it cannot be satisfactorily operated |3.1.3c| | 2 |
| Offside Front Headlamp not working on dipped beam |1.7.5a| | 2 |
| Nearside Front brake caliper has restricted free movement |3.5.1k| | 2 |
| Nearside Stop lamp adversely affected by the operation of another lamp |1.2.1f| | 2 |
| Offside rear brake recording little or no effort |3.7.B.5a| | 2 |
| Rear Mechanical brake component has restricted free movement | 2 |
| Nearside Front Lower Steering linkage ball joint has excessive play |2.1.3 |b| |i|| | 2 |
| Nearside Front front brake recording little or no effort |3.7.B.5a| | 2 |
| Offside Front brake disc contaminated by oil |3.5.1h| | 2 |
| Direction indicators flashing less than 60 times a minute |1.4.A.2g| | 2 |
| Exhaust system not adequately supported |7.1.1| | 2 |
| Stop lamp remains on when the brakes are released | 2 |
| Offside Rear Vehicle structure has excessive corrosion, seriously affecting its strength within 30cm of the body mountings |6.1.B.2| | 2 |
| Indicator switch faulty |1.4.A.1| | 2 |
| Nearside Front Axle king pin has excessive play in pin and/or bush adversely affecting the steering |2.5.A.3a| | 2 |
| Offside Front Lower Axle king pin has excessive play in pin and/or bush adversely affecting the steering |2.5.A.3a| | 2 |
| Offside Front brake caliper has restricted free movement |3.5.1k| | 2 |
| Nearside Front Track rod end ball joint dust cover excessively damaged so that it no longer prevents the ingress of dirt |2.2.C.1c| | 2 |
| Brake hose has insufficient room to move | 2 |
| Front Exhaust has a major leak of exhaust gases |7.1.2| | 2 |
| Nearside Drag link end ball joint dust cover excessively damaged so that it no longer prevents the ingress of dirt |2.2.C.1c| | 2 |
| Offside Rear Stop lamp not working |1.2.1b| | 2 |
| Nearside Rear wheel cylinder has restricted free movement |3.5.1k| | 2 |
| Offside Rear Service brake excessively binding |1.2.1 |f|| | 2 |
| Offside Front Service brake indicates brake bind |3.7.D.2a| | 2 |
| Nearside Front Steering pivot point has excessive play |2.2.B.1g| | 2 |
| Nearside Rear Service brake excessively binding (1.2.1 (f)) | 2 |
| Offside Rear Position lamp not working (4.2.1 (a) (ii)) | 2 |
| Offside Rear Service brake excessively binding (1.2.1 (f)) | 2 |
| Brake pedal anti-slip provision missing (1.1.2 (c)) | 2 |
| Service brake efficiency below requirements (1.2.2 (a) (i)) | 2 |
| Parking brake efficiency less than 50% of the required value (1.4.2 (a) (ii)) | 2 |
| Brake hose excessively deteriorated | 2 |
| Fuel cap/sealing device does not fasten securely maintaining the sealing arrangement |7.2.4b| | 1 |
| Fuel cap/sealing device does not fasten securely by positive means |7.2.4b| | 1 |
| Brake pedal anti-slip provision loose |3.3.A.1b| | 1 |
| Offside Front Service brake excessively binding |1.2.1 |f|| | 1 |
| Offside Front Front position lamp|s| not working |1.1.A.3b| | 1 |
| Parking brake lever has no reserve travel |3.1.6b| | 1 |
| Offside Rear wheel cylinder has restricted free movement |3.5.1k| | 1 |
| Nearside Track rod end ball joint dust cover excessively deteriorated so that it no longer prevents the ingress of dirt X2 |2.2.C.1c| | 1 |
| Offside Track rod end ball joint dust cover excessively deteriorated so that it no longer prevents the ingress of dirt X2 |2.2.C.1c| | 1 |
| Fuel tank insecure |7.2.1| | 1 |
| Offside Front Ball joint dust cover excessively deteriorated so that it no longer prevents the ingress of dirt steering or support arm |2.2.C.1c| | 1 |
| Offside Parking brake inoperative on one side |1.4.1 |a|| | 1 |
| Offside Front Service brake lagging in operation |1.2.1 |d|| | 1 |
| Nearside Rear Service brake excessively binding |1.2.1 |f|| | 1 |
| Nearside Inner Track rod end ball joint dust cover excessively damaged so that it no longer prevents the ingress of dirt |2.2.C.1c| | 1 |
| Nearside Rear Direction indicator adversely affected by the operation of another lamp |1.4.A.2h| | 1 |
| Brake performance not tested |3.7.A.1| | 1 |
| Emissions not tested |7.0| | 1 |
| Nearside brake caliper has restricted free movement |3.5.1k| | 1 |
| Offside brake caliper has restricted free movement |3.5.1k| | 1 |
| Windscreen wiper not working |3.4 |a|| | 1 |
| Exhaust emissions carbon monoxide content excessive |8.2.1.2 |b|| | 1 |
| Exhaust emissions hydrocarbon content excessive |8.2.1.2 |b|| | 1 |
| brake disc contaminated by oil front discs |3.5.1h| | 1 |
| Windscreen has damage | 1 |
| Offside Inner Track rod end ball joint has excessive play |2.2.B.1f| | 1 |
| Offside Front Steering component mounting prescribed area is fractured |2.2.C.1h| | 1 |
| Nearside Direction indicators not working |1.4.A.2c| | 1 |
| Offside Direction indicators not working |1.4.A.2c| | 1 |
| Hazard warning tell tale not working correctly |1.4.B.1e| | 1 |
| Nearside Headlamp not working on dipped beam |1.7.5a| | 1 |
| Nearside Headlamp not working on main beam |1.7.5a| | 1 |
| Nearside Front Direction indicators not working |1.4.A.2c| | 1 |
| Nearside Rear Direction indicators not working |1.4.A.2c| | 1 |
| Nearside Rear Rear position lamp|s| adversely affected by the operation of another lamp |1.1.A.3f| | 1 |
| Offside Front brake disc contaminated by grease |3.5.1h| | 1 |
| Offside Rear rear brake grabbing severely |3.7.A.5b| | 1 |
| Nearside Rear Upper Shock absorber detached |2.7.2b| | 1 |
| Nearside Front suspension has excessive play in a lower suspension ball joint |2.5.B.1a| | 1 |
| Offside Front suspension has excessive play in a lower suspension ball joint |2.5.B.1a| | 1 |
| Front Headlamp not working on dipped beam |1.7.5a| | 1 |
| Front Headlamp not working on main beam |1.7.5a| | 1 |
| Offside Rear Rear fog lamp not working |1.3.2b| | 1 |
| Nearside Front Exhaust system not adequately supported |7.1.1| | 1 |
| Nearside Front Service brake effort inadequate at a wheel |1.2.1 |a| |i|| | 1 |
| Offside Front Service brake effort inadequate at a wheel |1.2.1 |a| |i|| | 1 |
| Nearside Front Windscreen wiper blade deteriorated |8.2.2| | 1 |
| Offside Front Windscreen wiper blade deteriorated |8.2.2| | 1 |
| Centre Front Windscreen wiper blade deteriorated |8.2.2| | 1 |
| Windscreen wiper not operating automatically when switched on |8.2.1b| | 1 |
| Offside Rear Braking system leaking |3.6.A.1| | 1 |
| Battery insecure |1.9.1| | 1 |
| Offside Front Steering component mounting prescribed area is excessively corroded inner wing pannel |2.2.C.1h| | 1 |
| Offside Front Brake master cylinder/servo mounting prescribed area is excessively corroded chassis leg x4 places |3.6.C.3| | 1 |
| Nearside Front Body or chassis has excessive corrosion, seriously affecting its strength within 30cm of the body mountings |6.1.B.2| | 1 |
| Offside Rear Suspension component mounting prescribed area is excessively corroded chassis x2 places |2.4.A.3| | 1 |
| Offside Rear Body or chassis has excessive corrosion, seriously affecting its strength within 30cm of the body mountings Chassis leg |6.1.B.2| | 1 |
| Nearside Rear Vehicle structure has excessive corrosion, seriously affecting its strength within 30cm of the body mountings |6.1.B.2| | 1 |
| Exhaust engine idle speed too high |7.3.D.1| | 1 |
| Offside Front Brake master cylinder/servo mounting prescribed area is excessively corroded |3.6.C.3| | 1 |
| Offside Front Upper Vehicle structure has an inadequate repair which adversely affects braking or steering |6.1.A.1| | 1 |
| Offside Front Torsion bar deteriorated by corrosion so that its cross sectional area is reduced and seriously weakened |2.4.E.1b| | 1 |
| Offside Front Steering lock stop excessively corroded and unserviceable |2.2.C.1d| | 1 |
| Rear fog lamp not working |4.5.1 |a| |ii|| | 1 |
| Rear Fuel hose insecure |7.2.1| | 1 |
| Offside Front Axle king pin has excessive play in pin and/or bush adversely affecting the steering |2.5.A.3a| | 1 |
| Nearside front parking brake recording little or no effort |3.7.B.6a| | 1 |
| Rear fog lamp obviously incorrectly positioned |1.3.2a| | 1 |
| Offside Front Vehicle structure has excessive corrosion, seriously affecting its strength within 30cm of the body mountings inner wing |6.1.B.2| | 1 |
| Hazard warning lamps not flashing in phase, with ignition on |1.4.B.1f| | 1 |
| Hazard warning lamps not flashing in phase, with ignition off |1.4.B.1f| | 1 |
| Offside Ball joint dust cover excessively deteriorated so that it no longer prevents the ingress of dirt |2.2.C.1c| | 1 |
| Nearside Ball joint dust cover excessively deteriorated so that it no longer prevents the ingress of dirt |2.2.C.1c| | 1 |
| Front Exhaust has a major leak of exhaust gases silencer, large hole |7.1.2| | 1 |
| Emissions not tested probe would not read gases, because of exhaust blowing |7.3.A.1| | 1 |
| Nearside Front wheel bearing rough when rotated |2.5.A.2| | 1 |
| Offside Front wheel bearing rough when rotated |2.5.A.2| | 1 |
| Nearside front brake juddering severely |3.7.A.2b| | 1 |
| Offside front brake juddering severely |3.7.A.2b| | 1 |
| Nearside Axle king pin has excessive play in pin and/or bush adversely affecting the steering |2.5.A.3a| | 1 |
| Offside Axle king pin has excessive play in pin and/or bush adversely affecting the steering |2.5.A.3a| | 1 |
| Offside Rear position lamp|s| not working |1.1.A.3b| | 1 |
| Offside Rear Parking brake is not capable of being maintained in operation by direct mechanical action only |3.1.2| | 1 |
| Steering column top bearing excessively worn |2.1.2c| | 1 |
| Steering wheel retaining device insecure |2.1.6| | 1 |
| Offside Drag link end ball joint has excessive play |2.2.B.1f| | 1 |
| Horn not working |7.7 |a| |ii|| | 1 |
| Nearside Rear front brake recording little or no effort |3.7.B.5a| | 1 |
| Brake pedal creeps down while the pedal is held under pressure |3.3.B.1a| | 1 |
| Offside Rear Direction indicator not working |4.4.1 |a| |ii|| | 1 |
| Direction indicator not working Both rear |1.4.A.2c| | 1 |
| Hazard warning lamps inoperative Both rear lamps not working |1.4.B.1b| | 1 |
| Ball joint dust cover excessively deteriorated so that it no longer prevents the ingress of dirt |2.2.C.1c| | 1 |
| Nearside Rear Wheel insecure |4.2.A.1c| | 1 |
| Offside Rear Wheel insecure |4.2.A.1c| | 1 |
| Nearside Lower Exhaust has a major leak of exhaust gases |7.1.2| | 1 |
| Nearside Lower Exhaust system not adequately supported |7.1.1| | 1 |
| Rear Exhaust emissions Lambda reading after 2nd fast idle outside specified limits |7.3.D.3| | 1 |
| Offside Front Mechanical brake component locking device missing |3.5.1l| | 1 |
| Brake pedal has insufficient reserve movement |3.3.A.5| | 1 |
| Front Exhaust has part of the system excessively deteriorated |7.1.1a| | 1 |
| Offside Drag link end ball joint dust cover excessively damaged so that it no longer prevents the ingress of dirt |2.2.C.1c| | 1 |
| Offside Track rod end ball joint has excessive play |2.2.B.1f| | 1 |
| Track rod end ball joint dust cover excessively deteriorated so that it no longer prevents the ingress of dirt both |2.2.C.1c| | 1 |
| Brake pedal anti-slip provision missing clutch |3.3.A.1b| | 1 |
| Brake pedal does not operate a brake fitted to each wheel |3.3.A.3| | 1 |
| Offside Headlamp does not operate immediately when selected on dipped beam |1.7.4a| | 1 |
| Drag link end ball joint has excessive play |2.2.B.1f| | 1 |
| Front front brake recording little or no effort |3.7.B.5a| | 1 |
| Nearside Front Wheel insecure |4.2.A.1c| | 1 |
| Offside Headlamp excessively damaged so that the light output is severely reduced |1.7.5a| | 1 |
| Rear Brake cable has wires broken and is significantly weakened |3.5.1b| | 1 |
| Nearside Track rod end ball joint has excessive play |2.2.B.1f| | 1 |
| Offside Rear rear brake excessively fluctuating |3.7.B.3| | 1 |
| Offside Front Ball joint dust cover excessively damaged so that it no longer prevents the ingress of dirt |2.2.C.1c| | 1 |
| Front Drag link end ball joint dust cover excessively damaged so that it no longer prevents the ingress of dirt |2.2.C.1c| | 1 |
| Steering wheel locking device insecure |2.1.6| | 1 |
| Nearside Stop lamp excessively damaged so that it is not visible from a reasonable distance |1.2.1d| | 1 |
| Offside Stop lamp excessively damaged so that it is not visible from a reasonable distance |1.2.1d| | 1 |
| Offside Rear Hydraulic brake cylinder leaking hydraulic fluid |1.1.16 |b| |i|| | 1 |
| Stop lamp|s| all not working both rear n/s & o/s |4.3.1 |a| |iii|| | 1 |
| Nearside Front Service brake excessively binding |1.2.1 |f|| | 1 |
| Service brake efficiency less than 50% of the required value |1.2.2 |a| |ii|| | 1 |
| Centre Exhaust has a major leak of exhaust gases |7.1.2| | 1 |
| Nearside Front Drag link end ball joint dust cover excessively damaged so that it no longer prevents the ingress of dirt |2.2.C.1c| | 1 |
| Offside Front Drag link end ball joint dust cover excessively damaged so that it no longer prevents the ingress of dirt |2.2.C.1c| | 1 |
| Offside Front front brake recording little or no effort |3.7.B.5a| | 1 |
| Parking brake lever ratchet mechanism is broken |3.1.5| | 1 |
| Offside Rear Parking brake inoperative on one side stuck in one place |1.4.1 |a|| | 1 |
| Exhaust emissions carbon monoxide content excessive 9.5 % |8.2.1.2 |b|| | 1 |
| Parking brake efficiency below requirements |1.4.2 |a| |i|| | 1 |
| Emissions not tested severe water leak |7.3.A.1| | 1 |
| Nearside Front Service brake indicates brake bind |3.7.D.2a| | 1 |
| Central Exhaust system not adequately supported |7.1.1| | 1 |
| Centre Drag link end ball joint dust cover excessively damaged so that it no longer prevents the ingress of dirt |2.2.C.1c| | 1 |
| Offside Front Outer Position lamp not working |4.2.1 |a|| | 1 |
| Main beam tell-tale not working not working when switched to main beam |4.9.1 |a| |ii|| | 1 |
| Exhaust system not adequately supported rear tail pipe |7.1.1| | 1 |
| Nearside Headlamp aim beam image kick up to the offside |1.8| | 1 |
| Offside Headlamp aim beam image kick up to the offside |1.8| | 1 |
| Centre Exhaust system not adequately supported |7.1.1| | 1 |
| Nearside Front position lamp|s| not working |1.1.A.3b| | 1 |
| Offside Headlamp aim beam image obviously incorrect |1.8.A.1b| | 1 |
| Brake pedal anti-slip provision missing |1.1.2 |c|| | 1 |
| Nearside Track rod end ball joint dust cover excessively deteriorated so that it no longer prevents the ingress of dirt inner |2.2.C.1c| | 1 |
| Offside Track rod end ball joint dust cover excessively deteriorated so that it no longer prevents the ingress of dirt inner |2.2.C.1c| | 1 |
| Nearside Rear Stop lamp not working |1.2.1b| | 1 |
| Obligatory mirror missing |3.3 |a|| | 1 |
| Nearside Front Track rod end ball joint has excessive play |2.2.B.1f| | 1 |
| Offside Front Track rod end ball joint has excessive play |2.2.B.1f| | 1 |
| Mechanical brake component has restricted free movement | 1 |
| Nearside Front Exhaust emissions likely to be affected by an exhaust leak (8.2.2.1 (b)) | 1 |
| Nearside Front Suspension rod insecurely attached (5.3.3 (a) (i)) | 1 |
| Offside Front Suspension rod insecurely attached (5.3.3 (a) (i)) | 1 |
| Parking brake lever has excessive movement indicating incorrect adjustment (1.1.6 (c)) | 1 |
| Offside Rear Parking brake inoperative on one side (1.4.1 (a)) | 1 |
| Parking brake efficiency below requirements (1.4.2 (a) (i)) | 1 |
| Offside Rear Road wheel fixing loose (5.2.1 (a) (i)) | 1 |
| Brake performance not tested o/s/r brake/wheel fault (1.2.1 (g)) | 1 |
| Exhaust hydrocarbon content after 2nd fast idle exceeds default limits (8.2.1.2 (b)) | 1 |
| Hydraulic brake calliper insecurely mounted and braking performance affected o/s caliper bolt loose (1.1.16 (c) (ii)) | 1 |
| Front Windscreen wiper not working (3.4 (a)) | 1 |
| Nearside Rear Hydraulic brake cylinder leaking hydraulic fluid (1.1.16 (b) (i)) | 1 |
| Offside Rear Hydraulic brake cylinder leaking hydraulic fluid (1.1.16 (b) (i)) | 1 |
| Exhaust system insecure at rear + centre clamp missing (6.1.2 (a)) | 1 |
| Exhaust has a major leak of exhaust gases (6.1.2 (a)) | 1 |
| Exhaust emissions likely to be affected by an exhaust leak (8.2.1.1 (b)) | 1 |
| Offside Front Shock absorbers missing (5.3.2 (a) (ii)) | 1 |
| Offside Rear Upper Shock absorbers likely to become detached (5.3.2 (a) (ii)) | 1 |
| Offside Front Axle king pin so loose it is likely to affect directional stability (5.1.2 (d) (ii)) | 1 |
| Nearside Rear Service brake lagging in operation (1.2.1 (d)) | 1 |
| Horn not working (7.7 (a) (ii)) | 1 |
| Emissions not tested exhaust blowing/leaking at catalyser section (8.2.1.2 (d)) | 1 |
| Nearside Exhaust has a major leak of exhaust gases exhaust leaking at the catalyser (6.1.2 (a)) | 1 |
| Battery insecure and likely to fall from carrier (4.13 (a) (ii)) | 1 |
| Rear Service brake excessively binding both rear brakes binding and parking brake also (1.2.1 (f)) | 1 |
| Offside Headlamp not working on dipped beam (4.1.1 (a) (ii)) | 1 |
| Offside Headlamp not working on main beam (4.1.1 (a) (ii)) | 1 |
| Nearside Track rod end ball joint dust cover excessively damaged or deteriorated so that it no longer prevents the ingress of dirt (2.1.3 (g) (ii)) | 1 |
| Offside Track rod end ball joint dust cover excessively damaged or deteriorated so that it no longer prevents the ingress of dirt (2.1.3 (g) (ii)) | 1 |
| Nearside Drag link end ball joint dust cover excessively damaged or deteriorated so that it no longer prevents the ingress of dirt (2.1.3 (g) (ii)) | 1 |
| Offside Drag link end ball joint dust cover excessively damaged or deteriorated so that it no longer prevents the ingress of dirt (2.1.3 (g) (ii)) | 1 |
| Brake pipe excessively corroded | 1 |
| Windscreen washer not working | 1 |
| Stop lamp(s) all not working (4.3.1 (a) (iii)) | 1 |
| Front Service brake excessively binding (1.2.1 (f)) | 1 |
| Brake lever not releasing correctly and functionality of brakes affected ratchet does not hold (1.1.2 (b) (ii)) | 1 |
| Nearside Front Suspension component modified so the suspension is inoperative not moving (5.3.3 (c) (ii)) | 1 |
| Rear Fuel hose damaged (6.1.3 (c) (ii)) | 1 |
| Nearside Front Service brake excessively binding (1.2.1 (f)) | 1 |
| Nearside Rear Service brake has no recorded effort at a wheel (1.2.1 (a) (ii)) | 1 |